Critical and concious digital humanities: a decalogue for the short future

1. Introduction

Society has witnessed the impact of various technological revolutions, including social, economic, political, and technological shifts that have steered society towards a paradigm where information and the growing datafication processes that lead to “big data”, “small data”, “smart cities”[1] play pivotal roles. Certainly, a notable transformation in Western society can be characterized as a shift from material resources, which were a fundamental feature of the Industrial Age, to a new concept termed 'immaterial culture” where data and information are key elements[2].

In that line, the advent of digital advancement has fostered substantial transformations in the dynamics of human interaction, information accessibility, and the execution of diverse undertakings[3], [4] . It has served as a catalyst for enhanced connectivity, empowering individuals to engage in communication and cooperative endeavors irrespective of geographical constraints, thereby cultivating the emergence of globalized networks and communities[5]. The widespread availability of digital devices, such as smartphones and computers, has also democratized access to information and knowledge, empowering individuals with unprecedented opportunities for learning, creativity, and self-expression[6]. In this new societal configuration, therefore, new multifaced and multiscale social spaces have emerged as the result of the millions of digital interactions happen every second[7]. However, structural imbalances are clearly visible in today’s highly technological global society[8]. That is, the digital divide remains a significant concern, as unequal access to digital technologies exacerbates existing social and economic inequalities[9], [10]. In many parts of the world, marginalized communities, rural areas, and disadvantaged individuals still face barriers to digital inclusion, limiting their opportunities for social and economic development[11].

The prevailing circumstances call for a reevaluation of society through a humanistic perspective. In the contemporary digital landscape where the prevailing environment undergoes profound transformations, humanistic perspectives play an integral role in both shaping and being shaped by society[12]. These shifts[13], [14] are characterized by a quest to fathom the intricacies of the new world, embracing diverse perspectives, employing varied approaches, adopting innovative modes of communication, pioneering technological advancements, and applying novel methodologies in science, all while endeavoring to ascertain humanity's role within this dynamic milieu. Analogous to how the humanities served as a bridge between antiquity and modernity[15], digital humanities are now poised to extend this tradition by transposing classical knowledge into the language of computation[16]. In fact, incorporating a wide array of methodological approaches, digital humanities synthesize elements from conventional disciplines within technology. It draws from fields like rhetoric, history, philosophy, linguistics, literature, art, archaeology, music, and cultural studies, amalgamating these traditional frameworks with computational tools and techniques. These computational resources encompass hypertext, hypermedia, data visualization, information retrieval, data mining, statistical analysis, text mining, and digital mapping, among others[17]. In the present age, the humanities bear the responsibility of transposing ancient, medieval, and modern cultural heritage into the digital realm[18], constituting a two-way process of translating our understanding of humanity and the world into the language of machines and vice versa[19], [20].

As mentioned above, our current era presents novel and intricate challenges that may appear insuperable. And therefore, new epistemological domains need to be established. That gap created by these changing dynamics could be filled by digital humanities[21], [22], characterized by their hybrid nature, operating on the peripheries of various knowledge areas, amalgamating diverse disciplines, and combining classical and innovative elements[23], [24]. This amalgamation results in a unique field with characteristics distinct from any that preceded it[25]. The challenge of defining digital humanities lies in their pronounced transdisciplinary nature[26], [27]. Transdisciplinarity goes beyond multidisciplinarity and interdisciplinarity[28]. Multidisciplinarity involves working simultaneously, but in parallel, with individuals from different disciplines[29], [30]. Interdisciplinarity encourages collaborative teamwork, involving the sharing of information and techniques from two or more specialized fields[31]. Transdisciplinarity, however, amalgamates principles and methods from different disciplines and enables an exploration beyond traditional disciplinary boundaries[32]. Additionally, this trait positions digital humanities as a domain to foster a comprehensive and inclusive vision of the context. Nonetheless, digital humanities face a multitude of challenges, problems, overcome waves, and questions that are infeasible to address with conventional methodologies as well as debates about ethics and social responsibility[33], inclusivity and representation[34], role of humanities[35], main focuses[36], and the future of digital humanities[37].

Therefore, the present paper delves into the evolving domain of critical and conscious digital humanities within digitalized environments, emphasizing the confluence of technology and humanistic perspectives. Through an exploration of theoretical foundations and emphasizing the ethical dimension, the paper presents a decalogue aimed at prioritizing human experiences and ethical considerations in the development and implementation of technology.

2. Digital Humanities

While digital transformation and the spread of technology have radically altered our relationships, our connection to the world, and our modes of communication, humanities have been tasked with reflecting on, comprehending, assimilating, and critiquing this new cultural paradigm[38]. Thus, digital humanities, as a recent phenomenon, must provide the foundational elements of critical thinking to enable adaptation to the forthcoming societal transformations[39]. As such, digital humanities should place technology in a mediating role rather than an end in itself[40]. Hence, the field of digital humanities has assumed an increasingly vital role in contemporary society, as it offers a sophisticated and multidisciplinary approach to understand society and facilitates a symbiotic relationship between the humanities and technology[41].

As mentioned above digital humanities is a transdisciplinary field of academic inquiry that combines humanistic perspectives, research methodologies, and computational tools and technologies to investigate, dissect, and construe various aspects of cultural, social, individual, and collective domains. It is characterized by a critical examination of the nexus between technology and humanism, aiming to comprehend the impact of digitization on diverse facets of society[42]. Besides, digital humanities possess the ability to design and develop technology tailored to human needs[43].

Nevertheless, it is essential to engage in a meticulous and reflective assessment of the intersection between technology and humanistic inquiry[44], [45]. Ethical concerns, encompassing matters such as privacy, data protection, and algorithmic biases, warrant deliberate consideration in the current society[46], [47]. Furthermore, it is essential to guarantee that the integration of technology does not overshadow the fundamental humanistic principles of critical analysis, interpretation and contextual comprehension[48]. Striking an equilibrium between utilizing technology as an instrument to augment humanistic inquiry while preserving the interpretative and critical essence of the humanistic disciplines remains of paramount importance[49], [50], [51]. In that line, digital humanities should be characterized by certain attributes that could serve to align and balance the interplay between humanities and technology as it will be explained in the section below.

3. Critical and conscious Digital Humanities

3.1. Critical Digital Humanities

Theoretical frameworks within digital humanities foster a deliberate examination of prevailing paradigms, encouraging a nuanced comprehension of the intricate interplay among technology, society, and culture[52]. In this context, critical approaches in digital humanities entail the utilization of critical theories and vantage points in the examination of digital technologies, platforms, and practices[53], [54]. Based on the critical approaches of classic humanists where the interconnectedness of all beings and the environment are aimed to analyze and the focus is on social justice[55], the primary tenet of critical perspectives in digital humanities resides in their capacity to foment a questioning of established norms[56]. This encompasses the interrogation of prevailing narratives and structures that frequently underlie the development and deployment of digital technologies[57]. For example, an essential endeavor may involve a critical dissection of how algorithms embedded within social media may inadvertently perpetuate specific prejudices or disseminate misinformation. Such an analysis demands the recognition of technology's potential influence on intricate matters such as privacy, identity, and accessibility, and endeavors to address these issues from a distinctly humanistic standpoint.

Furthermore, these critical perspectives cultivate a commitment to inclusivity and diversity[58]. By challenging assumptions and confronting imbalances, principles of equity could be aligned with digital technologies and embraced with diverse human experiences[59]. In this light, critical approaches serve to enrich the broader discourse on technology's role in shaping the contemporary global landscape. In essence, critical perspectives in digital humanities underscore the exigency of a reflective and transformative praxis and participate in the conversation about technology's influence on society and culture[60], [61]. More precisely, critical digital humanities:

1. Interrogate prevailing structures and surveillance practices[62], [63], [64], [65]: critical digital humanities analyse the complex web of power dynamics in the digital realm. From this perspective it is recognized that digital technologies can be harnessed to bolster existing power hierarchies, enabling pervasive surveillance, and influencing mechanisms of social control[66]. By delving into issues like data privacy, algorithmic bias, and the concentration of authority within digital platforms, critical digital humanities underscore the need to challenge the structures and advocate for democratization[67]. Critical digital humanities aim to ensure a more equitable distribution of influence within the digital sphere[68], [69].
2. Challenge binary oppositions and hierarchies[70], [71]: in this context, critical digital humanities scrutinize the binary divisions and hierarchies that digital technologies can either disrupt or reinforce[72]. Moreover, critical digital humanities explore how digital spaces can serve to either challenge or perpetuate well-established social, gender, racial, and economic hierarchies, and advocate for the creation of digital environments that promote inclusivity, representation, and participation[73]. By doing so, critical digital humanities hope to disrupt existing binaries, foster diversity, and work toward a more equitable and inclusive digital landscape.
3. Reexamine the human-machine relationship[74], [75]: critical digital humanities embark on a profound reevaluation of the relationship between humans and machines. Critical digital humanities challenge traditional, human-centric perspectives and engage with posthumanist theories to investigate the boundaries between humans and non-humans, often epitomized by digital technologies[76]. This raises critical questions about the societal and cultural implications of this evolving dynamic and by critically examining the ideologies and assumptions ingrained in technology, critical digital humanities consider the profound social and ethical consequences of our increasingly technological world[77].
4. Facilitate social justice and activism[78], [79]: a critical stance within digital humanities emphasizes the transformative potential of digital technologies for achieving social justice and driving activism and explore how digital platforms can serve as effective tools for marginalized communities to assert their rights and challenge dominant narratives[80]. They examine the pivotal role of digital technologies in social movements, grassroots organizing, and amplifying the voices of underrepresented communities[81]. Critical digital humanities aim to harness the power of digital platforms for more equitable and just social outcomes[82].
5. Ethical considerations and responsible technology use[83]: in the digital age, ethical considerations have gained prominence[84]. Critical digital humanities engage in reflection on the ethical implications of digital technologies and practices and question about the ethics of data collection, algorithmic decision-making, and the burgeoning surveillance economy. Critical digital humanities work towards identifying and addressing ethical challenges, advocating for increased transparency, accountability, and the responsible utilization of digital technologies and aim to ensure that digital innovations align with ethical standards and respect human values and rights in the digital landscape[85].

In summary, critical perspectives within digital humanities underscore the compelling necessity of a reflective and transformative praxis while investigating and engage with technology proactively, actively participating in the ongoing dialogue regarding the influence of technology on society and culture. Furthermore, critical digital humanities demand an unwavering commitment to striving for a digital landscape that is characterized by equitable access and fairness, an endeavor through which digital humanities assumes a pivotal role in shaping a future in which technology serves as a conduit to fulfill the diverse needs and aspirations of humanity.

3.2. Conscious

Not only a critical approach is fundamental in digital humanities. The concept of conscious digital humanities encompasses the notion of consciousness in the context of humanistic engagement with digital spaces[86], [87]. Conscious digital humanities entail the approach to digital technologies, platforms, and practices with a reflective mindset, emphasizing the deliberate consideration of their ethical, social, and cultural ramifications[88]. As such, conscious digital humanities necessitate a profound commitment to the ethical, social, and cultural dimensions of the digital landscape.

Foremost, conscious digital humanities prioritize ethical reflection and decision-making in the use and development of digital technologies[89], [90]. This entails a deliberate examination of the moral dilemmas, privacy concerns, and data protection challenges that inevitably arise in digital spaces[91], [92]. This conscious approach underscores the imperative to consider the ethical implications of digital actions, be they in the creation of algorithms, the collection of user data, or the dissemination of content[93]. By foregrounding these ethical dimensions, conscious digital humanities serve as a vital safeguard against the potential pervasive use of digital technologies.

Moreover, conscious digital humanities are committed to human-centered design, development, and utilization of digital technologies[94], [95]. The emphasis here is on understanding and prioritizing the human experience and well-being in digitalized spaces and on creating digital environments that are inclusive, accessible, and empowering[96]. This entails a conscious effort to align digital platforms with human values, needs, and aspirations[97]. Consequently, the study and application of digital technologies are not regarded merely as technical endeavors but as sociocultural undertakings that necessitate a deep appreciation for human agency, autonomy, and the complexities of social relationships[98], [99], [100].

In keeping with the principles of conscious digital humanities, cultural sensitivity and the appreciation of diverse perspectives assume paramount importance. This perspective underscores the need to engage with digital platforms and practices in a manner that is culturally informed and respectful. It entails recognizing and incorporating the values, norms, and cultural contexts of various communities into the digital landscape[101]. In doing so, conscious digital humanities are committed to minimizing such biases and fostering cultural diversity, inclusion, and representation in digital spaces.

At an individual level, conscious digital humanities foster the active engagement with digital publics and seek to foster meaningful dialogue and participation by acknowledging the transformative potential of digital technologies in the realms of civic engagement, social activism, and community building[102], [103]. The goal is to connect the power of digital platforms to promote collective well-being and societal advancement[104]. Hence, conscious digital humanities serve as a moral compass and a critical guide in our digital age, directing our collective endeavors toward an ethical, inclusive, and human-centered digital landscape that respects individual dignity, cultural diversity, and the collective wisdom of society[105].

4. Ethical considerations in a digital society

In this context, it is important to proactively address the ethical considerations by instituting a comprehensive framework that incorporates ethical guidelines, the establishment of institutional review boards, and the formulation of professional codes of conduct through a collaborative and transparent process[106]. The upholding of responsible and ethical practices necessitates prioritizing data privacy and the confidentiality of individuals whose data is being utilized[107]. This entails an effort to obtain informed consent, anonymize data, implement robust and secure data storage protocols, and adhere to pertinent data protection regulations[108]. Furthermore, it is essential to contemplate regulatory mechanisms governing data governance across various domains[109]. It is equally essential to avoid the misappropriation, misrepresentation, or commercialization of cultural artifacts, while actively addressing issues of inequality and barriers to access[110].

The reconceptualization of the human-technology relationship assumes significant importance in this context, calling for a departure from traditional perspectives that portray technology as a mere instrument[111], [112]. Instead, it necessitates the acknowledgment of the intricate, reciprocal nature of this relationship. As mentioned above, this paradigm shift involves recognizing that technology possesses its own agency and influence, reframing our understanding from viewing technology as a passive tool to exploring how technology actively shapes human experiences, behaviors, and social dynamics[113], [114], [115]. This perspective underscores the active role of technology in mediating human actions and choices, impacting social, cultural, and economic systems[116], [117], [118].

Furthermore, it highlights the embodiment and enactive aspects of human-technology engagement[119]. This holistic and immersive perspective highlights the mutual influence and co-constitution between humans and technology[120], [121]. Moreover, it underscores the paramount significance of understanding the socio-cultural context within which human-technology interactions unfold, highlighting their embeddedness within broader social, cultural, and historical frameworks. In addition, this perspective emphasizes the value of transdisciplinary collaborations and dialogue, fostering a deeper comprehension of the complex and dynamic interplay between humans and technology[122], [123].

Moreover, as the collaborative nature of digital humanities is a defining feature of this field, this collective effort to navigate the digital landscape is underpinned by a commitment to ethical considerations[124]. As such, ethical reflection and decision-making constitute a cornerstone of digital humanities. In fact, digital humanities are aware of the need to address ethical dilemmas, privacy concerns, and data protection issues arising in digital spaces[125]. The conscious approach developed in section 2.2 places data privacy and confidentiality at the forefront of digital humanities endeavors. Safeguarding the rights and well-being of individuals whose data is utilized becomes a paramount priority. In sum, the landscape of digital humanities encompasses a profound commitment to ethical practice. As it continues to evolve and expand, digital humanities hold a pivotal role in shaping our understanding of the intricate relationship between technology and society[126].

5. Conclusions: a decalogue for the short future

In this context, digitalization becomes an imperative rather than an option. However, it is essential to empower communities digitally with a focus on humanism and a people-centered approach. Digitalization should not serve as a means of exclusion but rather as a tool to bridge differences[127]. Therefore, we advocate for the incorporation of a humanistic perspective within digital spaces, emphasizing critical and conscious engagement.

We must work to create scenarios that ensure that humanity remains at the core of digitization[128], striving to build a more just, equitable, and sustainable society as well as reflexive and participative, i.e. digital humanities. In today's world, it is more critical than ever that our choices and actions are driven by consciousness and critical perspective. Below, we present a decalogue outlining a framework for critical and conscious digital humanities:

1. Question assumptions and challenge digital biases: an essential aspect of fostering critical and conscious engagement in digital spaces is the cultivation of a vigilant mindset[129]. This entails the active questioning of underlying assumptions, biases, and power dynamics woven into digital technologies and practices. Critical and conscious digital humanities seek alternative perspectives where an interdisciplinary approach is often key, as it encourages multifaceted views and helps uncover the concealed aspects of technology.
2. Ethical engagement and digital responsibility: engaging ethically in digital realms is paramount[130], [131]. This encompasses respecting user privacy, securing informed consent, and navigating the intricate domains of data protection and intellectual property rights[132]. The core objective is to promote transparency, accountability, and the responsible use of digital technologies. As technology advances, the ethical dimensions of digital interaction become ever more prominent, demanding our careful consideration[133].
3. Fostering inclusivity and accessibility: the digital sphere must prioritize inclusivity and accessibility. This involves designing interfaces, platforms, and content that can accommodate diverse needs, cultures, and languages[134]. Bridging the digital and ensuring that digital resources are accessible to all is also vital in this context. In that line, inclusivity not only enhances the quality of digital experiences but also aligns with principles of social justice.
4. Cultivate critical digital literacy: digital literacy extends beyond basic skills; it encompasses the critical examination of digital sources and technologies[135]. This includes assessing the credibility, reliability, and potential biases present in digital content[136]. Cultivating critical digital literacy skills enables all to navigate this landscape adeptly.
5. Promote cultural sensitivity and authenticity: cultural diversity is inherent in digital spaces, demanding respect, and authenticity. Therefore, it is important to steer clear of cultural appropriation, misrepresentation, and harmful stereotypes. Collaborative efforts with communities are essential to ensure that digital engagements genuinely reflect cultural values, norms, and aspirations[137].
6. Challenge digital power structures and advocate equity: a critical examination of power dynamics in the digital sphere is indispensable[138]. This involves an in-depth analysis of power concentration within digital platforms, the digital divide, and the ramifications for marginalized communities. Advocacy for equity, justice, and democratization of digital technologies is an ongoing endeavor that addresses power imbalances[139].
7. Foster civic engagement and social activism: the potential of digital technologies to facilitate civic engagement, social activism, and community building is a cornerstone of digital practices[140]. These tools can foster dialogue, collaboration, and meaningful participation to address social issues and drive positive change.
8. Self-reflection and digital self-awareness: digital humanities must engage in constant self-reflection and maintain an awareness of their own biases, privileges, and impact within digital spaces[141]. This mindfulness extends to acknowledging the values, norms, and assumptions shaping one's digital engagements. Continuous learning and self-growth in the digital domain are vital[142].
9. Embrace transdisciplinary collaboration: addressing the complex challenges presented by digital technologies necessitates transdisciplinary collaboration and dialogue, intrinsic in digital humanities. This approach is key to achieving a comprehensive understanding of digital issues[143].
10. Advocate for openness and knowledge sharing: the promotion of open access, open data, and open-source initiatives is vital in nurturing the free exchange of knowledge in digital spaces[144]. Supporting endeavors that facilitate the sharing, dissemination, and preservation of digital resources is a fundamental contribution to the advancement of digital humanities[145].

By adhering to these principles, digital humanities have the potential to make significant contributions to the progress of critical and conscious humanities within digitalized environments. This decalogue functions as a guide for navigating the intricate landscape of the digital realm. It underscores the importance of upholding ethical standards, fostering inclusivity, and questioning prevailing power structures. As the digital landscape continues to raise concerns regarding issues like privacy, data security, and algorithmic bias, it underscores the urgency of placing humanistic perspectives and individual agency at the forefront of our digital age endeavors.